Fig. 4: Characteristics of injury-induced disease-associated oligodendrocytes.

a UMAP plot depicting the heterogeneous subsets of OPCs and oligodendrocytes in the intact and injured rhesus monkey spinal cord. A-OPC activated OPCs, H-OPC homeostatic OPC, D-OPC dividing OPC, MOL mature oligodendrocytes, MFOL myelin-forming oligodendrocytes, DOL disease-associated oligodendrocytes. b Gene expression visualized by UMAP plots. Each dot represents an individual cell colored according to the expression level. c Split UMAP plots showing the regional distribution of OPCs and oligodendrocyte subsets at different phases after SCI. d Dynamic changes in the proportion of subsets among OPCs or oligodendrocytes in different regions after SCI. e Violin plots showing the signature genes of DOL1 and DOL2 compared with other oligodendrocytes. f Immunostaining of SERPINA3 and APC in the lumbar spinal cord showing the different distribution of DOLs in CST and FG area at 7dpi. Scale bars, 500 μm on the left and 100 μm on the right. g Bar plot showing the proportion of SERPINA3 positive oligodendrocytes at different time points after SCI. Data are shown as mean ± SEM, n = 5 slices. ***p < 0.0001, two-sided Student’s t test. h Heatmap showing the expression of genes related to glycerolipid metabolic process and myelination in oligodendrocyte subsets. The color bar is scaled with the average expression of the corresponding genes. i Enriched GO terms of the upregulated genes in DOL1 from the SL compared with that from the SA area. P values (adjusted) were calculated using Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR). j Heatmap showing the expression of genes related to cellular stress in MOL1 from the SL. The color bar is scaled with the average expression of the corresponding genes. k Electron micrographs showing the autophagosome and autolysosome in the lumbar tissues at 6 months after SCI. Scale bars, 0.5 μm. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.