Fig. 4: Threat conditioned stimulus triggers NE release in the cerebellum.

a During fear conditioning, mice received two CS–US pairing trials. After 24 h, mice were exposed to 10 tones alone in a different context (recall) (created with BioRender.com). b Left graph: Percent time freezing during conditioning (two-sided paired t-test p = 0.1041; n = 6 mice). Right graph: Percent time freezing in response to the first conditioning tone and the first recall tone (two-sided paired t-test p = 0.0173; n = 6 mice). c Time course of average GRAB_NE fluorescence, expressed as Z-score, in response to 2 conditioning tone-shock presentations and intertrials (n = 6 mice). d, e Conditioning tones did not cause a significant change in GRAB_NE fluorescence (AUC 0-30 s: one-way ANOVA F _{(1.442, 7.212)} = 0.662 relative to intertrial; n = 6 mice) while foot-shock induced a significant fluorescence decrease (AUC 29-34 s: F_{(1.574, 7.869)} = 39.28, p = 0.0001 relative to intertrial; n = 6 mice). f Time course of GRAB_NE fluorescence across the 10 recall tones and the intertrials (n = 6 mice). g GRABNE fluorescence across 10 recall tones relative to the intertrials (two-sided paired t-test p = 0.0117; n = 6 mice). h GRAB_NE fluorescence change during the first CS presentation in the recall test vs. the first CS presented in the conditioning (two-sided paired t-test p = 0.0258; n = 6 mice). i Heat map showing the mean GRAB_NE fluorescence response to each of the 10 recall tones (n = 6 mice). j GRAB_NE fluorescence and movement score in response to recall tone in one representative mouse. Red trace represents movement score while blue trace represents fluorescence. The two movement peaks occur at the beginning and the end of the recall tones. k Pearson cross-correlation (n = 6 mice) between GRAB_NE fluorescence and movement score in response to recall tone. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM, corresponding to bars or shaded regions. Source data are provided as Source Data file.