Fig. 1: Fiber supplementation alleviates antibiotic-induced dysbiosis before, during, and after antibiotic treatment.

Modified versions of the AIN-93G purified rodent diets supplemented with purified fibers were used to modulate carbon source to the gut microbiome. The 0-fiber received no fiber supplement, and 100% glucose was added at a 20% ratio to the diet. The fiber-supplemented mice received a cocktail of 7 purified-plant fibers in the ratios depicted. (a) Mouse diet and (b) antibiotic intervention schematic. Mean Shannon diversity (n = 12 for day 0,7)(n = 6 for remaining timepoints) shown for Stage 1 (pink), Stage 2 (green), and Stage 3(purple) are shown with SEM intervals in control (c). Colored stars correspond to magnitude of p value according to Two-Way Mixed model ANOVA & Dunnett. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001. p values at day 11: pink – 0.0014, green – 0.0118. p values at day 12: pink – 0.0002, green – 0.0004, purple 0.0309. p values at day 16: pink – 0.0003, green – 0.0006, purple 0.0003. p values at day 22: pink – 0.0001, green – <0.0001, purple 0.0207. Antibiotic treated mice shown in (d). p values at day 8: pink – 0.0452. p values at day 11: pink – 0.0363, green – 0.0060. p values at day 12: green 0.0428. p values at day 22: green 0.0001. Each stage is compared to 0-fiber unsupplemented diet. Antibiotic effect size calculated with PERMANOVA at all supplementation stages was calculated using Bray–Curtis distance values and the PCoA method. Color intensity represents p value (scale displayed). Full results shown in source data (e). Relative abundances of bacterial families shown throughout the course of the experiment (f).