Fig. 4: Features associated with cardiovascular ageing.

a Radial plot of log-transformed, normalised feature importance in cardiovascular age prediction using CatBoost grouped by category (aortic structure and function (Aorta), left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) structure and function, right atrial (RA) and right ventricular (RV) structure and function, sex, left ventricular strain rates and myocardial native septal T1. b SHAP (Shapley additive explanations) plot of the top twenty features contributing to cardiovascular age prediction. The colour represents the feature value (red high, blue low), and its contribution to model prediction output. Features include ascending (Asc Ao) and descending aortic (Dsc Ao) distensibility (dist), descending aortic minimum cross-sectional area (Dsc Ao min. area), sex, radial and longitudinal strain rates (Radial SR, Long SR, numbers in bracket referring to frame number in cardiac cycle), left atrial stroke volume (LASV), left atrial ejection fraction (LAEF), left ventricular end-systolic and diastolic volume (LVESV, LVEDV), left ventricular cardiac output (LVCO), left ventricular mass (LVM), right atrial maximum volume (RA max. vol) and right ventricular end-systolic volume (RVESV). c Circos plot of the correlation between imaging features. Ribbon widths are proportional to the absolute value of the Pearson correlation coefficient (∣r∣). For simplicity and clarity, absolute correlations are hidden where ∣r∣ < 0.4, and between radial and longitudinal strain measures. EDV end-diastolic volume, ESV end-systolic volume, EF ejection fraction, SV stroke volume. All plots n = 34,137.