Table 1 Multinational, regional and national levels of gabapentinoid consumption in 2008 and 2018 and average annual percentage change

From: Gabapentinoid consumption in 65 countries and regions from 2008 to 2018: a longitudinal trend study

 

DDD/TID in 2008 (95%CI)a

DDD/TID in 2018 (95%CI)a

Average annual percentage change (%, 95%CI)b

Multinational

4.17 (2.99, 5.81)

18.26 (13.54, 24.63)

17.20 (15.52, 18.91)

America (North)

52.44 (32.79, 83.86)

124.62 (95.77, 162.16)

9.04 (6.82, 11.32)

Canada

41.27 (41.25, 41.28)

108.95 (108.94, 108.97)

10.59 (9.70, 11.49)

United States

66.63 (66.63, 66.64)

142.54 (142.53, 142.55)

7.89 (6.82, 8.97)

America (Central and Southern) and the Caribbean

2.33 (0.90, 6.02)

7.86 (3.51, 17.58)

12.92 (9.55, 16.39)

Argentina

2.11 (2.11, 2.11)

13.90 (13.90, 13.91)

20.53 (14.57, 26.80)

Brazil

0.52 (0.52, 0.52)

6.32 (6.32, 6.32)

26.82 (22.90, 30.86)

Chile

2.11 (2.11, 2.12)

9.28 (9.27, 9.29)

17.95 (16.07, 19.85)

Colombia

0.88 (0.87, 0.88)

1.96 (1.95, 1.96)

10.48 (7.45, 13.61)

Ecuador

1.95 (1.94, 1.95)

5.48 (5.47, 5.48)

10.27 (8.31, 12.28)

Mexico

2.79 (2.79, 2.79)

4.13 (4.12, 4.13)

3.84 (1.93, 5.78)

Peru

0.50 (0.50, 0.50)

2.56 (2.56, 2.56)

19.06 (16.71, 21.47)

Puerto Rico

50.09 (50.05, 50.13)

151.23 (151.16, 151.30)

12.33 (10.51, 14.17)

Uruguay

2.54 (2.53, 2.55)

15.40 (15.38, 15.42)

19.16 (12.91, 25.75)

Venezuela

6.79 (6.79, 6.80)

4.18 (4.18, 4.19)

-3.70 (−11.98, 5.36)

Europe (West)

23.77 (19.12, 29.55)

50.85 (46.14, 56.05)

8.15 (6.64, 9.68)

Austria

21.98 (21.96, 21.99)

60.50 (60.48, 60.53)

10.41 (8.93, 11.91)

Belgium

13.01 (13.00, 13.02)

56.26 (56.24, 56.29)

14.62 (12.07, 17.23)

France

35.47 (35.46, 35.47)

60.18 (60.17, 60.19)

5.39 (4.72, 6.07)

Germany

27.85 (27.84, 27.85)

56.64 (56.63, 56.64)

6.93 (5.83, 8.04)

Luxembourg

32.51 (32.43, 32.60)

44.24 (44.15, 44.33)

3.11 (2.37, 3.87)

Netherlands

0.00 (0.00, 0.00)

40.54 (40.52, 40.55)

6.78 (5.39, 8.18)

Switzerland

19.62 (19.61, 19.64)

42.26 (42.24, 42.28)

8.11 (7.03, 9.20)

Europe (North)

13.77 (11.03, 17.21)

54.66 (38.59, 77.43)

14.78 (12.34, 17.27)

Estonia

2.02 (2.01, 2.03)

30.00 (29.95, 30.05)

29.97 (27.75, 32.23)

Finland

43.56 (43.53, 43.59)

82.83 (82.79, 82.87)

5.73 (4.61, 6.87)

Ireland

28.73 (28.70, 28.75)

85.54 (85.50, 85.58)

13.75 (10.33, 17.27)

Latvia

4.16 (4.15, 4.18)

26.39 (26.36, 26.43)

21.02 (19.53, 22.53)

Lithuania

3.47 (3.46, 3.48)

20.12 (20.09, 20.15)

19.49 (16.96, 22.07)

Norway

34.30 (34.27, 34.33)

66.32 (66.28, 66.36)

6.82 (6.07, 7.57)

Sweden

33.98 (33.96, 34.00)

76.67 (76.64, 76.70)

7.99 (7.35, 8.62)

United Kingdom

30.46 (30.45, 30.46)

138.88 (138.86, 138.89)

16.99 (14.83, 19.19)

Europe (South)

16.40 (10.55, 25.48)

27.10 (18.20, 40.34)

14.91 (10.92, 19.05)

Bosnia And Herzegovina

0.00 (0.00, 0.00)

5.33 (5.32, 5.35)

35.56 (27.42, 44.22)

Croatia

3.16 (3.15, 3.17)

13.82 (13.80, 13.83)

15.53 (12.92, 18.21)

Greece

22.48 (22.47, 22.50)

46.34 (46.32, 46.36)

6.44 (5.24, 7.65)

Italy

14.92 (14.91, 14.92)

28.82 (28.81, 28.82)

6.64 (5.64, 7.65)

Portugal

31.22 (31.21, 31.24)

51.52 (51.50, 51.55)

5.10 (3.82, 6.40)

Serbia

0.00 (0.00, 0.00)

19.56 (19.54, 19.57)

57.97 (48.8, 67.70)

Slovenia

15.31 (15.28, 15.34)

40.00 (39.95, 40.04)

10.06 (9.17, 10.95)

Spain

38.35 (38.34, 38.36)

73.28 (73.27, 73.29)

6.17 (4.91, 7.44)

Europe (East)

1.76 (0.70, 4.42)

14.88 (7.27, 30.44)

23.77 (17.06, 30.86)

Belarus

0.06 (0.06, 0.06)

1.87 (1.86, 1.87)

35.74 (30.09, 41.63)

Bulgaria

1.05 (1.05, 1.06)

13.77 (13.76, 13.79)

24.48 (18.37, 30.90)

Czech Republic

11.42 (11.41, 11.43)

60.55 (60.52, 60.57)

17.84 (16.42, 19.27)

Hungary

7.21 (7.20, 7.22)

21.51 (21.49, 21.52)

11.43 (9.05, 13.87)

Poland

1.51 (1.51, 1.51)

16.80 (16.79, 16.80)

26.34 (19.72, 33.32)

Romania

3.11 (3.10, 3.11)

16.37 (16.36, 16.37)

15.43 (12.31, 18.64)

Russia

0.29 (0.29, 0.29)

5.05 (5.05, 5.05)

32.16 (11.78, 56.24)

Slovakia

14.11 (14.10, 14.13)

51.63 (51.59, 51.66)

12.87 (9.87, 15.94)

Oceania

11.27 (8.69, 14.61)

68.88 (37.14, 127.72)

19.89 (13.70, 26.43)

Australia

12.86 (12.86, 12.87)

94.38 (94.36, 94.40)

26.67 (21.30, 32.27)

New Zealand

9.87 (9.85, 9.88)

50.26 (50.23, 50.29)

16.61 (15.77, 17.45)

Asia (East)

0.63 (0.10, 4.18)

7.74 (1.31, 45.89)

28.51 (18.86, 38.94)

China

0.01 (0.01, 0.01)

0.44 (0.44, 0.44)

45.23 (36.07, 55.00)

Japan

1.02 (1.01, 1.02)

41.32 (41.32, 41.33)

45.79 (28.56, 65.32)

South Korea

9.48 (9.47, 9.48)

30.99 (30.99, 31.00)

12.12 (11.07, 13.17)

Taiwan

1.75 (1.75, 1.75)

6.41 (6.41, 6.42)

15.08 (13.02, 17.18)

Asia (Central)

0.00 (0.00, 0.00)

1.05 (1.04, 1.05)

20.45 (−0.53, 45.85)

Kazakhstan

0.00 (0.00, 0.00)

1.05 (1.04, 1.05)

18.37 (11.16, 26.05)

Asia (West)

3.12 (1.38, 7.06)

15.73 (6.40, 38.69)

17.57 (10.53, 25.06)

Jordan

1.27 (1.26, 1.27)

6.51 (6.50, 6.52)

24.09 (17.99, 30.51)

Kuwait

1.18 (1.17, 1.18)

32.25 (32.22, 32.28)

40.64 (34.36, 47.22)

Lebanon

4.02 (4.01, 4.03)

15.69 (15.67, 15.70)

13.02 (10.93, 15.15)

Saudi Arabia

3.62 (3.61, 3.62)

11.36 (11.35, 11.36)

16.57 (11.01, 22.40)

Türkiye

13.87 (13.86, 13.87)

60.98 (60.97, 60.99)

15.81 (13.63, 18.04)

United Arab Emirates

3.10 (3.09, 3.11)

6.64 (6.63, 6.65)

6.55 (−0.91, 14.57)

Asia (South-east)

0.53 (0.53, 0.53)

3.84 (0.67, 22.12)

14.70 (9.50, 20.00)

Philippines

0.53 (0.53, 0.53)

1.57 (1.57, 1.58)

10.40 (9.50, 11.40)

Thailand

0.00 (0.00, 0.00)

9.39 (9.38, 9.39)

16.50 (12.00, 21.20)

Asia (South)

1.06 (0.90, 1.25)

4.53 (3.54, 5.78)

15.56 (12.19, 19.03)

India

1.15 (1.15, 1.15)

5.13 (5.13, 5.13)

14.83 (12.63, 17.08)

Pakistan

0.97 (0.97, 0.97)

3.99 (3.99, 3.99)

13.21 (11.07, 15.39)

Africa (North)

0.68 (0.41, 1.14)

14.77 (8.49, 25.70)

35.91 (26.17, 46.41)

Algeria

0.71 (0.71, 0.71)

29.44 (29.43, 29.44)

36.74 (27.43, 46.72)

Egypt

1.06 (1.06, 1.07)

39.54 (39.54, 39.55)

39.14 (35.14, 43.27)

Morocco

0.24 (0.23, 0.24)

2.01 (2.01, 2.01)

20.52 (17.94, 23.16)

Tunisia

1.22 (1.22, 1.23)

20.33 (20.31, 20.34)

24.68 (18.90, 30.74)

Africa (South)

1.16 (1.16, 1.16)

3.74 (3.74, 3.74)

12.42 (6.35, 18.85)

South Africa

1.16 (1.16, 1.16)

3.74 (3.74, 3.74)

10.88 (8.73, 13.07)

  1. CI confidence interval, DDD/TID defined daily dose per 10,000 inhabitants per day.
  2. aWorldwide and regional estimates with 95% CI were calculated by pooling the estimates using meta-analysis (random-effects model).
  3. bThe average annual percentage change is calculated using a linear regression model, with log-transformed consumption in DDD/TID as the dependent variable and year as the independent variable. The average annual change was expressed as average annual percentage change, calculated by [exp(the coefficient of the year variable) – 1] × 100%. The multinational and regional trend changes were estimated using linear mixed models, controlling for within-country correlations and assuming the correlations between years were autocorrelated.
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