Table 1 Comparison of state-of-the-art metasurfaces in the literature

From: A universal metasurface antenna to manipulate all fundamental characteristics of electromagnetic waves

Ref.	Property					Wave mani. experimentation					Info. mani. experimentation
Ref.	Freq./wavelength	Tunable	Method	Type	SB free	Amp.	Phase	Mom.	Pol.	Freq.	MWG	Security	IDM
10	8 µm	×	/	3-bit	/	×	×	✓	×	×	×	×	×
11	1.0–1.9 µm	×	/	3-bit	/	×	×	✓	×	×	×	×	×
15	750 THz	×	/	1-bit	/	×	×	✓	×	×	×	×	×
16	8.6 GHz	✓	Elect. bias	1-bit	/	×	×	✓	×	×	×	×	×
17	620 nm	✓	Elect. bias	1-bit	/	×	×	✓	×	×	×	×	×
19	8.5 µm	✓	Elect. bias	Cont.	/	×	✓	✓	×	×	×	×	×
20	6 µm	✓	Elect. bias	Cont.	/	×	✓	×	✓	×	×	×	×
21	0.3 THz	✓	Elect. bias	3-bit	/	✓	✓	✓	×	×	×	×	×
22	650 nm	✓	Mech. defo.	Cont.	/	✓	×	×	×	×	×	×	×
23	632.8 nm	✓	Mech. defo.	Cont.	/	×	×	✓	×	×	×	×	×
24	915 nm	✓	Mech. defo.	Cont.	/	×	×	✓	×	×	×	×	×
25	800 nm	✓	Opt. pumping	1-bit	/	✓	×	×	×	×	×	×	×
26	860 nm	✓	Opt. pumping^STM	Cont.	×	×	×	✓	×	✓	×	×	×
29	1.64 µm	✓	Therm. excit.	Cont.	/	✓	×	×	×	×	×	×	×
30	4.79 µm	✓	Therm. excit.	Cont.	/	×	✓	×	×	×	×	×	×
31	0.75 THz	✓	Therm. excit.	Cont.	/	✓	×	×	×	×	×	×	×
33	1550 nm	✓	Elect. bias	Cont.	/	×	✓	×	×	×	×	×	×
34	7 µm	✓	Elect. bias	Cont.	/	✓	✓	×	×	×	×	×	×
35	1.3 µm	✓	Elect. bias	Cont.	/	✓	×	✓	×	×	×	×	×
37	6.9 GHz	✓	Elect. bias^STM	Cont.	×	×	×	✓	×	✓	×	×	×
42	10 GHz	✓	Elect. bias^STM	1-bit	×	×	×	✓	×	✓	×	×	×
43	9.5 GHz	✓	Elect. bias^STM	2-bit	×	✓	×	✓	×	✓	✓	✓	×
44	27 GHz	✓	Elect. bias^STM	1-bit	✓	×	×	✓	×	✓	×	×	×
45	3.7 GHz	✓	Elect. bias^STM	Cont.	×	✓	×	✓	×	✓	×	×	×
46	4 GHz	✓	Elect. bias^STM	Cont.	×	×	✓	×	×	✓	✓	×	×
47	4.25 GHz	✓	Elect. bias^STM	Cont.	✓	×	✓	✓	×	✓	×	×	×
48	2.6 GHz	✓	Elect. bias^STM	Cont.	✓	×	✓	✓	×	✓	×	×	×
49	2.6 GHz	✓	Elect. bias^STM	Cont.	×	✓	✓	×	✓	✓	×	×	×
50	2.7 GHz	✓	Elect. bias^STM	Cont.	×	×	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	×	×
56	2.15 GHz 5.34 GHz	✓	Elect. bias^STM	1-bit	×	✓	×	✓	×	×	✓	✓	×
This work	23.5 GHz	✓	Elect. bias^STM	1-bit	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

SB sideband, STM spatiotemporal modulation, MWG modulated waveform generation, IDM inherent direction modulation.

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Table 1 Comparison of state-of-the-art metasurfaces in the literature

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