Table 5 Association between exposure to COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy exposure period and neonatal outcomes, calculated using conditional logistic regression

From: Neonatal and maternal outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination: a population-based matched cohort study

Cohort (outcome)

Vaccination Status

Number of pregnancies/ neonates

Number with outcome

% with outcome

Odds ratio accounting for only matchinga [95% CI]

P valuea

Adjusted odds ratiob [95% CI]

P valueb

1 (Stillbirths)

Vaccinated

11379

29

0.3%

1.08 [0.68–1.70]

0.75

1.03 [0.63–1.68]

0.91

 

Unvaccinated

22758

54

0.2%

Ref

–

Ref

–

1 (Extended perinatal death)

Vaccinated

11379

41

0.4%

0.92 [0.63–1.34]

0.66

0.97 [0.64-1.48]

0.90

 

Unvaccinated

22758

89

0.4%

Ref

–

Ref

–

2 (Neonatal death)

Vaccinated

11350

12

0.1%

0.56 [0.29–1.06]

0.07

0.51 [0.26-1.01]

0.05

 

Unvaccinated

22700

43

0.2%

Ref

–

Ref

–

3 (Small for gestational age (<10th percentile)c)

Vaccinated

10951

455

4.2%

0.89 [0.79–0.99]

0.04

1.02 [0.90-1.16]

0.79

 

Unvaccinated

21267

987

4.6%

Ref

–

Ref

–

3 (Very small for gestational age (<3rd percentile)c)

Vaccinated

10951

103

0.9%

0.90 [0.71–1.14]

0.40

1.06 [0.81-1.40]

0.66

 

Unvaccinated

21267

223

1.0%

Ref

–

Ref

–

4 (Low Apgar score (<7)c)

Vaccinated

10286

176

1.7%

1.08 [0.90-1.30]

0.41

1.13 [0.93-1.37]

0.23

 

Unvaccinated

19761

313

1.6%

Ref

–

Ref

–

4 (Very low Apgar score (<4)c)

Vaccinated

10286

26

0.3%

1.11 [0.68–1.80]

0.67

1.32 [0.79–2.23]

0.29

 

Unvaccinated

19761

44

0.2%

Ref

–

Ref

–

5 (Preterm birth)

Vaccinated

11202

598

5.3%

0.93 [0.84-1.03]

0.15

0.96 [0.86-1.06]

0.41

 

Unvaccinated

22404

1283

5.7%

Ref

–

Ref

–

5 (Spontaneous preterm birthc)

Vaccinated

11193

356

3.1%

0.89 [0.79-1.01]

0.08

0.95 [0.83-1.08]

0.43

 

Unvaccinated

22362

794

3.6%

Ref

–

Ref

–

5 (Provider-initiated preterm birthc)

Vaccinated

11193

233

2.1%

1.00 [0.86-1.18]

0.97

0.95 [0.79-1.13]

0.55

 

Unvaccinated

22362

464

2.1%

Ref

–

Ref

–

6 (Very preterm birth)

Vaccinated

10057

74

0.7%

0.88 [0.67-1.16]

0.36

0.89 [0.64-1.23]

0.47

 

Unvaccinated

20114

168

0.8%

Ref

–

Ref

–

6 (Spontaneous very preterm birthc)

Vaccinated

10052

56

0.6%

0.93 [0.68-1.28]

0.67

0.92 [0.63-1.35]

0.67

 

Unvaccinated

20101

120

0.6%

Ref

–

Ref

–

6 (Provider-initiated very preterm birthc)

Vaccinated

10052

13

0.1%

0.58 [0.31-1.07]

0.08

0.69 [0.35-1.28]

0.22

 

Unvaccinated

20101

45

0.2%

Ref

–

Ref

–

  1. CI confidence interval
  2. aMatched for maternal age and gestation at vaccination/matching.
  3. bAdjustment for deprivation only for analyses with the following outcomes: provider-initiated very preterm birth. Adjustment for parity and deprivation only for analyses with the following outcomes: stillbirth, neonatal death, and very low Apgar score. Adjustment for all covariates apart from parity for the following outcomes: preterm birth, spontaneous preterm birth, provider-initiated preterm birth, very preterm birth and spontaneous very preterm birth. Adjustment for all covariates for analyses for the following outcomes: extended perinatal death, small for gestational age, very small for gestational age, and low Apgar score.
  4. cFor these outcomes there is not an exact match of two unvaccinated controls to each neonate exposed to vaccination as neonates with missing outcome data have been removed from analysis; see Methods for further details of missing data.
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