Fig. 3: Dissipation by spherical swimmers with an extended propulsive layer.
From: Minimum entropy production by microswimmers with internal dissipation
Lower bound on dissipation by a spherical swimmer (radius b) with an extended propulsive layer, such that the active forces act on a concentric sphere with radius a. The red solid lines show the case of tangential propulsive forces (18), the blue solid lines the case of normal forces (22) and the green dashed lines the case of unconstrained forces (26).
