Fig. 3: Comparison of glycolytic rates in HUVEC, iPS-ECs and iPS.

a Glycolysis, glycolytic capacity and glycolytic reserve were measured in HUVEC, iPS-ECs and iPS by performing glycolysis stress tests on a Seahorse XF^e24. Three independent lines were used for each cell type and n = 3 wells for HUVEC and iPS-ECs and n = 5 wells for iPS were assessed per line. ECAR (Extracellular Acidification Rate). Data are shown as mean ± SEM using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests. (Glycolysis: *p = 0.0139; **p = 0.0040; Glycolytic Capacity: ***p = 0.0001; Glycolytic Reserve: HUVEC vs. iPS-EC ****p = 0.000000000168; iPS-EC vs. iPS ****p = 0.000000000178). ns not significant. b Schematic representation of glycolysis with highlighted metabolic pathways that contribute to biomass production. c Volcano plot depicting differences in the metabolite abundance in iPS-ECs following PFK15 treatment for 7 h. Metabolites in glycolysis and the TCA cycle are depicted in yellow, metabolites in the PPP are shown in green. N = 3 independent experiments. Statistical comparisons were conducted using the Ebayes method of the limma package. Nominal p-values are presented in volcano plot while corrected for multiple testing p-values with the Benjamini–Hochberg method are provided in Supplementary Data 1. HK hexokinase, G6P glucose-6-phosphate, PGI phosphoglucose isomerase, F6P fructose-6-phosphate, TIGAR TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator, PFKFB3 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/Fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3, F-2,6-BP fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, PFK1 phosphofructokinase-1, F1,6 BP fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, ALDOA aldolase A, GAP, G3P glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, GAPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, DHAP dihydroxyacetone phosphate, LAC lactic acid, TPI triosephosphate isomerase, 1,3-BPG 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, PGK phosphoglycerate kinase, 3-PG 3-phosphoglycerate, PGAM phosphoglycerate mutase, 2-PG 2-phosphoglycerate, PEP phosphoenolpyruvate, PK pyruvate kinase, HBP hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, PPP pentose phosphate pathway, R5P ribose 5-phosphate, Ru5P ribulose 5-phosphate, S7P sedoheptulose 7-phosphate, UDP-GlcNAc uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine, P-Serine phosphoserine, α -KG α-Ketoglutaric acid, 2-HG 2-Hydroxyglutarate. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.