Table 1 Participant characteristics at study entry for each of the primary comparisons of interest

From: Social and psychological adversity are associated with distinct mother and infant gut microbiome variations

Comparison

Statistic

All 16S samples

MGS samples

All

Social Disadvantage

Psychosocial Stressors

Low

High

Low

High

# Sample pairs (Mother and Child)

121

89

35

43

36

32

Maternal

Mother delivery age (years)

Min

18.8

19.3

25.7

19.3

21.5

19.3

Max

41.3

41.3

41.3

38.7

41.3

41.0

Average ± Std. dev.

29.8 ± 5.1

30.4 ± 5.2

33.2 ± 4.4

28.5 ± 5.2

32.0 ± 4.8

28.4 ± 5.4

P-value (T-test)

  

3.5×10−5

4.5×10−3

Race

African American

52.1%

53.9%

2.9%

93.0%

36.1%

75.0%

Caucasian

44.6%

42.7%

91.4%

7.0%

61.1%

21.9%

Other

3.3%

3.4%

5.7%

0.0%

2.8%

3.1%

P-value (Chi square test)

  

6.1×10−15

1.3×10−3

Social Disadvantage Score (SD)

Min

−2.2

−2.2

−2.2

0.4

−2.2

−2.2

Max

1.3

1.3

−0.8

1.3

1.3

1.3

Average ± Std. dev.

−0.24 ± 1.01

−0.23 ± 1.1

−1.48 ± 0.39

0.78 ± 0.26

−0.71 ± 1.11

0.31 ± 0.81

P-value (M-W U-test)

  

4.2×10-14

4.0×10−4

Psychosocial Stressors Score (PS)

Min

−1.7

−1.7

−1.7

−1.4

−1.7

0.34

Max

2.4

2.4

1.3

2.4

−0.73

2.4

Average ± Std. dev.

−0.21 ± 0.86

−0.21 ± 0.98

−0.70 ± 0.75

0.12 ± 0.91

−1.13 ± 0.25

0.92 ± 0.51

P-value (M-W U-test)

  

3.9×10−5

1.5×10−12

Children

Birthweight

(g)

Min

2200

2200

2760

2200

2300

2200

Max

4665

4627

4370

4627

4370

4270

Average ± Std. dev.

3319 ± 538

3283 ± 556

3538 ± 459

3077 ± 548

3379 ± 555

3042 ± 494

P-value (T-test)

  

1.3×10−4

0.010

Gestational age (weeks)

Min

37

37

37

37

37

37

Max

41

41

41

41

41

41

Average ± Std. dev.

39.0 ± 1.1

39.0 ± 1.1

39.5 ± 0.95

38.6 ± 1.03

39.1 ± 1.1

38.7 ± 1.1

P-value (M-W U-test)

  

7.2×10−4

0.24

Child sex

Female

43.8%

40.4%

42.9%

39.5%

41.7%

46.9%

Male

56.2%

59.6%

57.1%

60.5%

58.3%

53.1%

P-value (Chi square test)

  

0.77

0.67

Route of deliverya

NSVD

65.3%

64.0%

60.0%

67.4%

69.4%

59.4%

VAVD

6.6%

4.5%

5.7%

4.7%

2.8%

9.4%

Cesarean section

28.1%

31.5%

34.3%

27.9%

27.8%

31.3%

P-value (χ2) NSVD vs Caes

  

0.52

0.61

P-value (χ2) VAVD vs others

  

0.83

0.25

Breast milk feeding frequency

≥50%

47.9%

46.1%

71.4%

23.3%

58.3%

31.3%

<50%

52.1%

53.9%

28.6%

76.7%

41.7%

68.8%

P-value (Chi square test)

  

2.1×10−5

0.025

  1. aNSVD Normal spontaneous vaginal delivery, VAVD vacuum assisted vaginal delivery.
  2. “Low” and “High” SD and PS scores are separated according to the distribution of the metadata as shown in Fig. 1. More complete metadata comparisons are available in Supplementary Data 1a, normality test statistics in Supplementary B, T-test statistics are in Supplementary Data 1c, Chi-square test statistics in Supplementary Data 1d and Mann–Whitney U-test statistics in Supplementary Data 1e. All tests are two-sided when applicable.
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