Fig. 3: Evaluation of H2O2 photosynthesis.

a Time profiles of photocatalytic H2O2 production by C3N5 and C3N4 in various scenarios. Experimental conditions: catalyst (0.5 g L−1) with 10 vol% EtOH under Us and Vis light (λ ≥ 420 nm), T = 25 °C, water (pH = 3). b Corresponding histograms of the H2O2 yield at 60 min. c Comparison of the H2O2 formation rate constant (kf, blue circle) with the H2O2 decomposition rate constant (kd, red circle). d Effect of dissolved oxygen on H2O2 production for C3N5/Us/Vis in 1 h. e Photocatalytic H2O2 production over C3N5 with Us in pH = 3 water, pure water and tap water containing 10 vol% EtOH under Vis light (λ ≥ 420 nm) and simulated sunlight. f Real-time E. coli disinfection using generated H2O2. Error bars indicate the standard deviation from three measurements.