Fig. 5: Enzyme-like activity of Fmoc–F–F (His) and Aβ assembly.

a Peroxidase (POD)-like of Fmoc–F–F (His), Fmoc–F–F, and His, respectively. b Catalase (CAT)-like of Fmoc–F–F (His), Fmoc–F–F, and His, respectively. c POD-like activity of Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42 filaments. The significant difference was evaluated by a two-tailed unpaired t-test. n = 3 independent samples, bars represent means ± SD, ns means no significance, ****p < 0.0001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05). d ESR characterization for •OH generation by POD-like activity of Aβ1–42 aggregates (half a year). e Predicted structures of Aβ1–42 and Aβ1–42 (6His→Ala) by alphafold2. f POD-like of Aβ1–42 and Aβ1–42 (6His→Ala). n = 3 independent samples. Mean ± SD is shown. The significant difference was evaluated by a two-tailed unpaired t-test. **p < 0.01. Representative images are shown. g Cytosolic ROS (cROS) levels of HT-22 cells treated by different concentrations of Aβ1-42 filaments. h Lipid ROS levels of HT-22 cells treated by Aβ1-42 filaments. i Schematic diagram of injecting Aβ1–42 filaments into the hippocampus of SD rats. j Percentage of hippocampal histiocytes with high cROS level in SD rats after treatment of Aβ1–42 filaments. n = 6 biologically independent animals. Mean ± SD is shown. The significant difference was evaluated by a two-tailed unpaired t-test. **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.