Fig. 4: Proposed catalytic reaction pathways of ZAF(Ser).

Schematic structure model of the Lewis acidic Zn(II) active site in ZAF (a), ZAF(Ser) (b) and the hydrogen bonds mediated active site in ZAF(Ser) (c). d Comparison of Gibbs free energy profiles for the catalytic processes of ZAF (blue dotted line) and ZAF(Ser) (red dotted line), which are analogous to those of metallohydrolases with Lewis acidic Zn(II)-mediated catalytic pathways. e Gibbs free energy profile for the catalytic process of ZAF(Ser) proceeding via the hydrogen bonding-mediated catalytic pathway. f Proposed catalytic mechanism of ZAF(Ser) involving the Lewis active site-mediated pathway (left) and hydrogen bonding-mediated pathway (right).