Fig. 2: Ketamine disrupts VR task behavior.
From: Ketamine evoked disruption of entorhinal and hippocampal spatial maps
a Running speed at each position bin during the baseline epoch (trials 1–50). Gray columns indicate the location of VR landmark towers (spaced by 80 cm). In the reward zone (positions 390–400 cm), mice slowed their running speed compared to the main hallway (100–200 cm) demonstrating familiarity with the task (difference in running speed ± SEM, 16.7 ± 2.5 cm/s; t(29) = 6.77, p = 1.96 × 10−7). Note the tower at 240 cm resembles the reward tower at 400 cm and mice often slowed down briefly around 240 cm before increasing their speed until they reached the reward tower. b Running speed during the control epoch (trials 51–100). In reward zone, mice slowed, demonstrating familiarity with the task (10.5 ± 2.4 cm/s; t(29) = 4.38, p = 0.0001). c Running speed during the first 50 trials of the ketamine epoch (trials 101–150). Mice slightly increased speed in the reward zone (−2.5 ± 2.4 cm/s; t(29) = −2.84, p = 0.0081). For (a–c), solid lines represent mean running speed and shaded regions represent SEM. All tests are two-sided paired t tests. d Raster plots of spatial positions where the animal licked in two example recording sessions. Control epoch highlighted in magenta (trials 51–100). Ketamine epoch highlighted in green (trials 101–290). e Lick accuracy averaged over sessions in the baseline, control, and ketamine epochs. Lick accuracy was lower in the ketamine epoch than in the baseline (Z = 4.76, p = 5.76 × 10−6) and control epochs (Z = 4.66, p = 9.55 × 10−6), and lick accuracy in the control epoch was lower than in the baseline epoch (Z = 2.4, p = 0.0489). Two-sided Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank tests with Sidak correction for multiple comparisons. f Lick accuracy per trial across sessions. Control epoch highlighted in magenta (trials 51–100). Ketamine epoch highlighted in green (trials 101–290). Solid lines represent smoothed lick accuracy and shaded regions represent SEM. N = 30 sessions, 8 mice. Significant comparisons highlighted *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Source data are provided as a Source data file.
