Table 3 Correlation between GM functional capacity and BMD variation

Module ID	γ	p-value	q-value	Module names	Phenotypes
M00002	−0.122	0.007	0.234	Glycolysis	L1-L4 BMD
M00048	−0.119	0.008	0.234	IMP biosynthesis	L1-L4 BMD
M00855	−0.119	0.008	0.234	Glycogen degradation	L1-L4 BMD
M00002	−0.118	0.009	0.153	Glycolysis	UD-RU BMD
M00003	−0.119	0.008	0.153	Gluconeogenesis	UD-RU BMD
M00050	−0.143	0.002	0.079	GTP biosynthesis	UD-RU BMD
M00727	−0.135	0.003	0.079	CAMP resistance	UD-RU BMD

Note: γ - coefficient for the partial Spearman correlation between GM functional module and phenotype; p-value - p-value of the coefficient in partial Spearman correlation analysis (two-sided); q-value - p-value adjusted by false discovery rate; Glycolysis - core module involving three-carbon compounds; IMP biosynthesis - PRPP + glutamine → IMP; Glycogen degradation - glycogen → glucose-6P; Gluconeogenesis - oxaloacetate → fructose-6P; GTP biosynthesis - IMP → GDP, GTP; CAMP resistance - N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase AmiA and AmiC. We only tested the modules whose relative abundance > 0.10%.
GM gut microbiota, BMD bone mineral density, L1-L4 lumbar spine, UD-RU ultra-distal radius and ulna, PRPP phosphoribosylpyrophosphate, IMP inosine monophosphate, GDP guanosine 5’-diphosphate, GTP guanosine 5’-triphosphate, CAMP cationic antimicrobial peptide.

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