Fig. 4: Simulated microgravity induces predictive functional alterations in immune cells following TLR7/8 stimulation.

A Differences in iAge index between all cell types (left) and across 19 individual immune cell types (right) after TLR7/8 agonist activation in 1G or simulated uG. Data are presented in the same way as described in Fig. 2A. 1G group (n = 14,916 cells examined over 2 independent experiments) is shown in blue and uG group (n = 12,230 cells examined over 2 independent experiments) is shown in yellow. The median for 1G group is 16.4, with min = 2.9 and max = 25.9. The median for uG is 13.2, with min = −1.7 and max = 23.9. Two-tailed Mann–Whitney test (p value < 2.2e-16). ****p ≤ 0.0001, ***p ≤ 0.001, **p ≤ 0.01, *p ≤ 0.05. Source data are provided with this paper. B Differences in cellular senescence secretory product score, calculated from the SenMayo gene set, between all cell types with TLR7/8 agonist activated 1G or simulated uG. 1G group’s (n = 14,916 cells examined over 2 independent experiments) median is −0.008, with min = −0.099 and max = 0.588; uG group’s (n = 12,230 cells examined over 2 independent experiments) median is 0.022, with min = −0.095 and max = 0.551. Two-tailed Mann–Whitney test (p value < 2.2e-16), ****p ≤ 0.0001. Source data are provided with this paper. C–E NicheNet predicted significant ligand-receptor interaction between total T cells (Receiver) and the antigen-presenting cells (Sender) as C B cells, D DCs, and E monocytes in TLR7/8 agonist activated simulated uG vs 1G condition (i.e., induced in uG over 1G).