Fig. 9: Toxicity and cell imaging study.

a–c Cell viability of different co-crystals-treated MCF-7 cancer cells under dark and white light irradiation (60 mW cm−2, 5 min). d–f Confocal images of MCF-7 cancer cells after incubation them with TAHOFN, TAHTFPN_G, and TAHTCNB co-crystals (10 µg mL−1) for 2 h; the fluorescence of the co-crystals was collected between 500 and 650 nm upon excitation at 488 nm and 561 nm lasers as excitation sources. All the images share the same scale bar of 5 µm. Data are shown as the mean ± SD (n = 3). The experimental results shown in figure a–c, and d–f were independently replicated three times, demonstrating consistent outcomes.