Fig. 1: Synthesis and structure characterizations of GDY HHMSs.

a Synthesis diagram. b Photos of the liquid‒liquid interface before and after the reaction. c Raman spectrum of the dry GDY HHMSs. d XPS spectrum of C 1 s. e SEM image. f, g Low- and high-magnification TEM images. h HRTEM image and corresponding FFT pattern. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.