Fig. 4: ICT effect between GDY and R6G.

a The Tauc plot curve shows a direct optical bandgap at 1.71 eV for GDY HHMSs. b Band energy alignment diagram of the charge-transfer pathways in GDY HHMSs. ICT: interfacial charge transfer, GSCT: ground-state charge transfer resonance. c Absorption spectra of pristine R6G solution (5 mg L⁻¹) and R6G solution (5 mg L⁻¹) mixed with GDY HHMSs (10 mg L⁻¹) and graphene nanosheets (10 mg L⁻¹). The inset shows the colour of the respective solutions. d Photoluminescence spectra of pristine R6G solution (5 mg L⁻¹) and R6G solution (5 mg L⁻¹) mixed with GDY HHMSs (10 mg L⁻¹) and graphene nanosheets (10 mg L⁻¹). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.