Fig. 9: Pair-wise Granger causality tests identify dopamine as an important player in driving or being driven by other neurotransmitters after acute and chronic GCR exposure. | Nature Communications

Fig. 9: Pair-wise Granger causality tests identify dopamine as an important player in driving or being driven by other neurotransmitters after acute and chronic GCR exposure.

From: Complex 33-beam simulated galactic cosmic radiation exposure impacts cognitive function and prefrontal cortex neurotransmitter networks in male mice

Fig. 9

a The Granger Causality test to understand the significance of causal impacts with GCR exposure vs controls and generated boxplots depicting the distribution of p-values over all the subjects for impact of each neurotransmitter on DA. b The Granger Causality test to understand the significance of causal impacts with GCR exposure vs controls and generated boxplots depicting the distribution of p-values over all the subjects for DA’s impact on each neurotransmitter. All analysis is based on neurotransmitter data in Figs. 5, 6: control n = 10, acute n = 10, or chronic n = 8. The boxplots depict the median (middle line), 25th percentile (Q1; lower boundary of the box), 75th percentile (Q3; upper boundary of the box), and lowest datum above Q1–1.5*(Q3–Q1) and highest datum below Q3 + 1.5*(Q3–Q1) as whiskers. Outliers are not shown. DA dopamine, 5-HT serotonin, NE norepinephrine, Glu glutamate, GABA γ-aminobutyric acid.

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