Fig. 2: Adhesion performance.

a A schematic illustration of the preparation process of AUA tape, and the molecular structures of the monomers, ionic liquid, crosslinker and initiator in the precursor solution. b Photographs comparing t = 0 and t = 24 h of the AUA during peeling (scale bar = 5 mm). c Force-displacement curve recorded in 90-degree peeling test comparing t = 0, t = 30 min and t = 24 h. d Adhesion energy (Γ) of AUA at different preload strengths (1-100 kPa) with a contact time of 15 s, comparing t = 0 and t = 24 h. e Γ of AUA versus immersion time. f Γ comparing the AUA performance on different substrates. g Force-displacement curve recorded in 180-degree peeling test comparing t = 0 and t = 24 h, showing the self-fusing performance of AUA. h Γ of AUA after 14-day immersion in deionized (DI) water, tap water and artificial seawater, respectively. AUA tapes at f = 0.5, I = 40%, and X = 0.15% were chosen throughout the test; values represent the mean and standard deviation, where n = 3.