Fig. 4: Contribution of frequency bands to prediction error encoding in the punishment (red) and reward (green) conditions.

Average±SEM across sites of the regression estimates of power against prediction errors for the frequency bands delta (1–4 Hz), LFO (4–12 Hz), beta (13–33 Hz) and gamma (50–150 Hz). LFO power was averaged over 0–2 s post-outcome window. Stars indicate significance of regression estimates (one-sample, two-sided Student’s t-test; LFO reward: t(47) = −4.15, p = 0.00014; LFO punishment: t(47) = −5.73, p = 6.89e−07; delta punishment: t(47) = 2.08, p = 0.042). Dots correspond to regression estimates across trials for each recording site (i = 48 sites). RPE reward prediction error, PPE punishment prediction error. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.