Fig. 4: The mechanism analyses of V2O5@rGO-1.5 based ZTCCs.

a The voltage change curves at different processes. b, c The corresponding ex-situ XRD patterns of V2O5@rGO-1.5 cathode during b thermal charging states at various temperature differences and c electrochemically charging/discharging states at 30 K. d–f The corresponding ex-situ XPS spectra of d Zn 2p, e V 2p, and f O 1 s.