Fig. 4: Summary of uplift, C4 ecosystems, benthic foraminifera δ18O, and sea surface temperature estimates.
From: Global climate forcing on late Miocene establishment of the Pampean aeolian system in South America
A A synthesis of elevation changes across the Tibetan Plateau where the present-day elevation is 100%. B C isotope-based construction of C4 ecosystems. C Benthic foraminifera δ18O (‰ Pee Dee Belemnite) composite record from ref. 93 showing the mid-Piacenzian Warm Period (mPWP) and mid Miocene Climate Optimum (mMCO). D Stacked \({U}_{37}^{{K}^{{\prime} }}\) sea surface temperature estimates from ref. 26. These include the Tropics, mid latitude Northern Hemisphere (Mid Lat NH; 30°–50°N), and mid latitude Southern Hemisphere (Mid Lat SH; 30°–50°N). Slope (m) calculated from linear regression through 5.50–8.75 Ma (i.e., the interval overlapping deposition of the Cerro Azul Formation) and 9.00–12.25 Ma. E–G) Elevation changes across the South American Cordillera including the Central Cordillera (~14°–27°S), South-Central Cordillera (~27°–34°S), and Northern Patagonia (~34°–48°S). Sources in Table S3.
