Table 2 Association of circadian rest-activity metrics and incident frailty with adjustment for covariates

Age^a

1.09 (1.07–1.11) < 0.001

1.09 (1.07–1.11) < 0.001

1.09 (1.07–1.12) < 0.001

1.10 (1.08–1.12) < 0.001

1.09 (1.07–1.11) < 0.001

1.09 (1.07–1.11) < 0.001

1.09 (1.07-1.11) < 0.001

Female sex

3.83 (2.65–5.53) < 0.001

3.47 (2.42–4.99) < 0.001

3.81 (2.63–5.51) < 0.001

3.65 (2.54–5.25) < 0.001

3.76 (2.60–5.42) < 0.001

3.86 (2.68–5.57) < 0.001

3.35 (2.33-4.83) < 0.001

Education^b

1.06 (1.02–1.11) 0.004

1.05 (1.00–1.09) 0.030

1.05 (1.01–1.09) 0.020

1.05 (1.01–1.10) 0.012

1.05 (1.01–1.10) 0.012

1.06 (1.01–1.10) 0.008

1.05 (1.00-1.09) 0.029

Sleep duration^a

1.03 (0.92–1.16) 0.558

1.05 (0.94–1.17) 0.403

1.07 (0.95–1.19) 0.255

1.06 (0.95–1.18) 0.333

1.02 (0.91–1.14) 0.766

1.07 (0.95–1.21) 0.283

1.12 (0.98-1.29) 0.085

Sleep fragmentation^c

1.16 (1.00–1.35) 0.050

1.17 (1.01–1.36) 0.034

1.18 (1.02–1.37) 0.024

1.19 (1.03–1.37) 0.021

1.15 (0.99–1.33) 0.072

1.12 (0.97–1.30) 0.127

1.20 (1.03-1.39) 0.016

Vascular disease burden

1.14 (0.96–1.34) 0.132

1.22 (1.04–1.44) 0.016

1.16 (0.98–1.37) 0.076

1.17 (0.99–1.38) 0.058

1.19 (1.01–1.40) 0.035

1.15 (0.98–1.36) 0.092

1.21 (1.03-1.42) 0.023

Vascular risk factors

1.24 (1.07–1.44) 0.005

1.24 (1.07–1.45) 0.005

1.25 (1.08–1.46) 0.003

1.27 (1.09–1.47) 0.002

1.25 (1.08–1.45) 0.003

1.22 (1.05–1.41) 0.011

1.25 (1.07-1.45) 0.004

Amplitude^d

1.37 (1.21–1.56) < 0.001

Acrophase^d

1.04 (0.93–1.17) 0.489

Variation of cycle length^c

1.28 (1.14–1.44) < 0.001

IS^d

1.27 (1.13–1.43) < 0.001

IV^c

1.21 (1.07–1.38) 0.003

M10^d

1.41 (1.20–1.64) < 0.001

L5^c

1.15 (0.99-1.33) 0.063