Fig. 3: Discovery of genes in the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponin aglycone in S. vaccaria.

a a neighbor-joining tree (1,000 bootstrap replicates) of CYPs acting on triterpenoid from other plants and CYP candidates identified from S. vaccaria transcriptome. Gene names in blue represent S. vaccaria genes. Yellow highlighted names represent co-upregulated CYPs with β amyrin synthase. Numbers indicate bootstrap values. Sequences of S. vaccaria proteins in the tree are in Supplementary Data 2 and accession numbers of CYPs from other species are in Supplementary Table 2. b extracted ion chromatograms (EIC) of oleanolic acid obtained from Nicotiana benthamiana transiently expressing SvβAS + SvC28. c EIC of echinocystic acid obtained from N. benthamiana transiently expressing SvβAS + SvC28 + SvC16; d, EIC of gypsogenic acid obtained from N. benthamiana transiently expressing SvβAS + SvC28 + SvC23-1 and SvβAS + SvC28 + SvC23-2. Compounds were identified with authentic standards. Corresponding mass spectra are shown in Supplementary Fig. 7.