Fig. 1: GATA1 establishes ceramide homeostasis by regulating sphingolipid metabolic enzyme genes.

a Diagram illustrating sphingolipid metabolic pathways and the respective enzymes. b Volcano plot depicting GATA1-regulated RNAs involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis. RNA-seq data from 3 biologically independent samples were log₂ transformed and p values were calculated by two-tailed unpaired Student’s test. c Volcano plot depicting GATA1-regulated proteins involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis. Proteomic data from 3 biologically independent samples were log₂ transformed and p values were calculated by two-tailed unpaired Student’s test. d RT-qPCR validation of GATA1-dependent regulation of Degs1 mRNA during β-estradiol-induced differentiation of G1E-ER-GATA1 cells (n = 6 biologically independent samples, mean ± SEM). p values were calculated using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *p = 0.0219, ***p < 0.0001, n.s., not significant. e Representative Western blots showing GATA1-dependent regulation of DEGS1 protein during β-estradiol-induced differentiation of G1E-ER-GATA1 cells. f Quantitation of Western blots in (e). Band intensities of DEGS1 and GATA2 were normalized to the corresponding β-actin band (n = 3 biologically independent samples, mean ± SEM). p values were calculated using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. g Lipidomic analysis to quantify sphingolipid levels during β-estradiol-induced differentiation of G1E-ER-GATA1 cells (n = 4 biologically independent samples, mean ± SEM). The levels of lipids were normalized to the level of inorganic phosphate (Pi). p values were calculated by two-tailed paired Student’s test. E2, β-estradiol. h Heatmaps depicting levels of individual species of Cer and dhCer from (g). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.