Fig. 6: Experimental results of Cu-Pd.

a Reconstructed 3D plots for Cu-Pd electrode based on the depth profile of TOF-SIMS spectra. b Steady-state current densities, (c) the Faradaic efficiencies of H2, (d) C2H4 and (e) the calculated ratio of C1+ products to the sum of COg + C1+ products on polished Cu versus plated Cu-Pd electrodes under different applied potentials.