Fig. 5: DL-assisted analysis of bioreactions with overlapping vibrations.

a Real-time 3D plots of differential absorbance spectra versus wavenumber and concentration when using the SP-PhP platform to detect one analyte at a time (upper panel), including glucono-1,5-lactone (2), glucose (1), H₂O₂ (3), and GOD. Lower panel: Corresponding regression curve. b The DNN model with two hidden layers and 20 nodes for identification of overlapping vibrations in GER profiling. Step 1: training and validation data are used to train the model. Step 2: the experiment data is put into the trained model. Step 3: output the prediction for all vibrations monitored. c Predicted results of the DNN model based on the SP-PhP platform. The (I) is the monitored vibration in the GER reaction path, and the (II) is the predicted results. The difference between Line ii and Line iv at time 12 min is 0.5. d The real-time spectral data of a functionalized nanorod platform for GER monitoring. The DNN model training process is the same as that in (b). e The prediction of the DNN model based on the nanorod platform. The difference between Line ii and Line iv at time 12 min is 0.1.