Fig. 3: Electric field detection and enhancement mechanism investigation.

a Electric field distribution near the surface of 15°, 30°, 60° and 90° through COMSOL multiple physical quantities. b The electric field values at the tips of nanoneedle with different tip angle. c K+ absorption test. d OH‒ absorption test. e FE values and f C2+ current density in acidic, neutral and alkaline environments. g Schematic diagram. Error bars represent the standard deviation of three independent measurements.