Fig. 2: HS-AFM imaging of the NavAb channel in a lipid bilayer.

a, e, i, l HS-AFM snapshots of the NavAb channel in a lipid bilayer. The black and white arrowheads in (a, e, l) indicate particles derived from the pairs of helices of S1 and S2, and S3 and S4, respectively. Frame rates: 10 frame/s for (a, e), 5 frame/s for (i, l). b, f, j, m Time-averaged images of HS-AFM movies (a, e, i, l), respectively. c, g, k, n LAFM images of HS-AFM movies (a, e, i, l), respectively. The total frame numbers used for (b, c), (f, g), (j, k), (m, n) are 458, 599, 65, and 97, respectively. The used constructs are the WT for (a–c), the N49K mutant for (e–g) and the E32Q/N49K mutant for (i–n). d, h, o Schematic illustration of the observed structure of the NavAb channels.