Fig. 3: Overview of CyTOF analysis of immune cell populations in the blood of malaria-infected participants.

A FlowSOM (top) and t-SNE (bottom) visualization of live PBMCs of a representative sample within each indicated group based on lineage markers expressed on cells and detected by mass cytometry (CyTOF). Shannon Diversity Index for each group of patients (susceptible, <13 yr (n = 10, pink), protected, <13 yr (n = 8, orange) and protected, ≥ 13 yr (n = 10, green), with individual symbol representing one patient. Overlaid immune cell populations on the t-SNE plots are indicated. B Summary of innate and adaptive immune cell frequencies in PBMCs of malaria infected participants. Mean cell frequency is indicated for susceptible, <13 yr (n = 13, pink), protected, <13 yr (n = 8, orange) and protected, ≥ 13 yr (n = 10, green). Summary of the immune cell subset frequency in participants during malaria illness among indicated groups are shown. Bar graphs represent mean cell frequency values. Statistical significance is calculated by two-sided unpaired Student’s t test between indicated groups with correcting for multiple comparisons, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Pool of three independent experiments represented as individual data and means ± SEM (A, B).