Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the included participants from the NutriNet-Santé cohort, 2009–2021, N = 103,389

From: Dietary circadian rhythms and cardiovascular disease risk in the prospective NutriNet-Santé cohort

 

All participants

Time of first meal

Time of last meal

  

Before 8AM

8AM to 9AM

After 9AM

Before 8PM

8PM to 9PM

After 9PM

 

N = 103,389

N = 46,306

N = 36,981

N = 20,102

N = 34,723

N = 45,610

N = 23,056

 

N (%) or mean (SD)

N (%) or mean (SD)

N (%) or mean (SD)

N (%) or mean (SD)

N (%) or mean (SD)

N (%) or mean (SD)

N (%) or mean (SD)

Age at baseline

42.6 (14.5)

46.5 (13.1)

42.5 (14.8)

33.9 (13.3)

45.7 (14.7)

41.7 (14.1)

39.8 (14.1)

Sex

 Women

81,709 (79.0)

35,699 (77.1)

29,817 (80.6)

16,193 (80.6)

27,284 (78.6)

36,826 (80.7)

17,599 (76.3)

 Men

21,680 (21.0)

10,607 (22.9)

7164 (19.4)

3909 (19.4)

7439 (21.4)

8784 (19.3)

5457 (23.7)

BMI (kg/m2)

23.8 (4.5)

23.9 (4.43)

23.7 (4.42)

23.5 (4.74)

24.0 (4.49)

23.6 (4.41)

23.7 (4.62)

Family history of CVD

 No

70,649 (69.4)

30,447 (65.8)

25,804 (69.8)

15,967 (79.4)

23,272 (67.0)

32,277 (70.8)

16,669 (72.3)

 Yes

31,171 (30.6)

15,859 (34.2)

11,177 (30.2)

4135 (20.6)

11,451 (33.0)

13,333 (29.2)

6387 (27.7)

Smoking statusa

 Regular current

12,442 (12.0)

4621 (9.99)

4184 (11.3)

3637 (18.1)

2942 (8.48)

5144 (11.3)

4356 (18.9)

 Occasional current

5425 (5.25)

1772 (3.83)

2069 (5.60)

1584 (7.89)

1358 (3.91)

2476 (5.43)

1591 (6.91)

 Former

33,563 (32.5)

16,833 (36.4)

11,941 (32.3)

4789 (23.9)

11,856 (34.2)

14,859 (32.6)

6848 (29.7)

 Never

51,866 (50.2)

23,040 (49.8)

18,760 (50.8)

10,066 (50.1)

18,537 (53.4)

23,090 (50.7)

10,239 (44.5)

Packs per yearb

5.30 (11.3)

6.01 (12.1)

5.04 (10.9)

4.18 (9.84)

5.20 (11.6)

4.92 (10.5)

6.20 (12.3)

Physical activityc

 Low

29,164 (32.7)

14,762 (31.9)

9876 (26.7)

4526 (22.5)

10,470 (30.2)

12,341 (27.1)

6353 (27.6)

 Moderate

21,674 (24.3)

22,637 (48.9)

19,224 (52.0)

10,690 (53.2)

17,155 (49.4)

23,573 (51.7)

11,823 (51.3)

 High

38,334 (43.0)

8907 (19.2)

7881 (21.3)

4886 (24.3)

7098 (20.4)

9696 (21.3)

4880 (21.2)

Daily alcohol intaked

 Non-consumers

32,102 (31.0)

13,837 (29.9)

10,624 (28.7)

7641 (38.0)

12,432 (35.8)

12,975 (28.4)

6695 (29.0)

 Low consumption

26,897 (26.0)

12,670 (27.4)

9840 (26.6)

4387 (21.8)

9419 (27.1)

12,155 (26.6)

5323 (23.1)

 Medium consumption

26,241 (25.4)

11,997 (25.9)

9812 (26.5)

4432 (22.0)

8023 (23.1)

12,311 (27.0)

5907 (25.6)

 High consumption

12,658 (12.2)

5545 (12.0)

4718 (12.8)

2395 (11.9)

3522 (10.1)

5811 (12.7)

3325 (14.4)

 Very high consumption

5491 (5.31)

2257 (4.87)

1987 (5.37)

1247 (6.20)

1327 (3.82)

2358 (5.17)

1806 (7.83)

Episodes of binge drinkinge

 None

92,700 (89.7)

42,301 (91.4)

32,959 (89.1)

17,440 (86.8)

32,183 (92.7)

40,587 (89.0)

19,930 (86.5)

 One

7888 (7.6)

2971 (6.4)

2985 (8.1)

1932 (9.6)

1943 (5.6)

3722 (8.2)

2223 (9.6)

 More than one

2788 (2.7)

1029 (2.2)

1032 (2.8)

727 (3.6)

594 (1.7)

1296 (2.8)

898 (3.9)

Daily energy intake (kcal)

1847 (451)

1856 (448)

1857 (441)

1810 (475)

1789 (434)

1852 (437)

1926 (490)

Higher education

 No

17,868 (17.3)

9476 (20.5)

5851 (15.8)

2541 (12.7)

8042 (23.2)

6669 (14.6)

3157 (13.7)

 Yes, <2 y after high-school

16,318 (15.8)

7166 (15.5)

5451 (14.7)

3701 (18.4)

6054 (17.4)

6918 (15.2)

3346 (14.5)

 Yes, ≥2 y after high-school

69,133 (66.9)

29,635 (64.0)

25,659 (69.4)

13,839 (68.9)

20,604 (59.4)

31,992 (70.2)

16,537 (71.8)

Income per unit of consumption

 Less than 900€

11,381 (11.0)

3550 (7.67)

3829 (10.4)

4002 (19.9)

3619 (10.4)

4680 (10.3)

3082 (13.4)

 900–1200€

6761 (6.55)

3060 (6.62)

2342 (6.34)

1359 (6.77)

2478 (7.14)

2870 (6.30)

1413 (6.14)

 1200€ − 1800€

25,387 (24.6)

11,547 (25.0)

9030 (24.4)

4810 (24.0)

8975 (25.9)

10,918 (24.0)

5494 (23.9)

 1800€ − 2300€

14,721 (14.3)

6929 (15.0)

5228 (14.1)

2564 (12.8)

4953 (14.3)

6495 (14.3)

3273 (14.2)

 2300€ − 3700€

23,033 (22.3)

11,247 (24.3)

8573 (23.2)

3213 (16.0)

7459 (21.5)

10,621 (23.3)

4953 (21.5)

 More than 3700€

9761 (9.45)

4903 (10.6)

3654 (9.89)

1204 (6.00)

2789 (8.04)

4716 (10.4)

2256 (9.80)

 Don’t wish to answer

12,236 (11.8)

5022 (10.9)

4294 (11.6)

2920 (14.5)

4412 (12.7)

5265 (11.6)

2559 (11.1)

Profession

 Unemployed

11,818 (11.5)

4128 (8.94)

4417 (12.0)

3273 (16.4)

4018 (11.6)

4968 (10.9)

2832 (12.3)

 Student

6821 (6.62)

1320 (2.86)

2231 (6.06)

3270 (16.3)

1877 (5.43)

3085 (6.79)

1859 (8.09)

 Self-employed/farmer

2649 (2.57)

1329 (2.88)

871 (2.36)

449 (2.24)

785 (2.27)

1221 (2.69)

643 (2.80)

 Employed

65,647 (63.7)

31,096 (67.4)

22,877 (62.1)

11,674 (58.3)

20,313 (58.7)

30,123 (66.3)

15,211 (66.2)

 Retired

16,077 (15.6)

8285 (17.9)

6447 (17.5)

1345 (6.72)

7598 (22.0)

6055 (13.3)

2424 (10.6)

Marital status

 Single

17,516 (17.0)

5540 (12.0)

5876 (15.9)

6100 (30.4)

4981 (14.4)

7348 (16.1)

5187 (22.5)

 Married or in couple

74,888 (72.6)

35,083 (76.0)

27,276 (74.0)

12,529 (62.5)

25,647 (74.1)

33,743 (74.2)

15,498 (67.4)

 Divorced, separated or widower

10,723 (10.4)

5566 (12.1)

3730 (10.1)

1427 (7.12)

3995 (11.5)

4410 (9.69)

2318 (10.1)

Number of used medications at baseline

1.26 (1.83)

1.20 (1.77)

1.31 (1.85)

1.31 (1.91)

1.28 (1.83)

1.22 (1.75)

1.32 (1.97)

Time of first meal (AM)

8:14 (1.1)

7:22 (0.48)

8:24 (1.63)

9:57 (1.02)

7:56 (1.01)

8:14 (1.02)

8:42 (1.32)

Time of last meal (PM)

8:24 (1.1)

8:06 (1.02)

8:14 (1.00)

8:48 (1.28)

7:18 (0.74)

8:24 (0.28)

9:48 (0.90)

Eating jet lag

 Advance

5667 (5.6)

2108 (4.7)

1669 (4.6)

1890 (9.7)

2308 (6.8)

1311 (2.9)

2048 (9.1)

 Maintenance

69,867 (69.3)

33,421 (74.3)

25,244 (69.5)

11,202 (57.4)

24,171 (71.3)

32,299 (72.4)

13,397 (59.9)

 Delay

25,322 (25.1)

9469 (21)

9420 (26)

6433 (32.9)

7417 (21.9)

10,972 (24.6)

6933 (31.0)

Nighttime fasting hours

11.9 (1.4)

11.2 (1.09)

12.0 (1.01)

13.2 (1.51)

12.6 (1.26)

11.8 (1.02)

10.9 (1.46)

Number of eating occasions/day

4.89 (1.7)

5.00 (1.78)

4.89 (1.63)

4.63 (1.71)

4.41 (1.40)

4.82 (1.55)

5.73 (2.14)

Bedtimef

23:42 (0.94)

23:30 (0.84)

23:54 (0.86)

24:12 (1.15)

23:24 (0.88)

23:48 (0.84)

24:12 (1.05)

Sleep duration (h)

6.93 (1.59)

6.75 (1.56)

7.03 (1.60)

7.24 (1.59)

6.94 (1.65)

6.95 (1.57)

6.86 (1.53)

  1. BMI body mass index, CVD cardiovascular diseases, N sample size, SD standard deviation.
  2. aRegular current smokers were participants smoking 1 or more cigarettes per day.
  3. bThe variable packs years smoking was calculated as the packs smoked per day per the years smoking.
  4. cPhysical activity was categorised according to International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) guidelines.
  5. dDaily alcohol intake was categorised as follows: Non-consumers (0 g/day), low consumers (0.1–4.9 g/day), moderate consumers (5.0–14.9 g/day), high consumers (15.0−29.9 g/day) and very high consumers (>30.0 g/day).
  6. eAn episode of binge drinking was considered for men if they consumed 50 g of alcohol or more in one single occasion and for women 40gr or more of alcohol.
  7. fSleep information was available for 37,536 participants.
  8. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
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