Table 1 Characteristics of participants by SARS-CoV-2 infection status
From: True prevalence of long-COVID in a nationwide, population cohort study
Never infected N = 99,430 | Infected N = 98,666 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Med (IQR) | Med (IQR) | ||
Age (years) | 48 (33–59) | 46 (32-58) | <0.001 |
Sex | N(%) | N(%) | |
Female | 56,084 (56.4) | 60,429 (61.3) | <0.001 |
Male | 43,346 (43.6) | 38,237 (38.8) | |
SIMD | |||
1 (most deprived) | 20,991 (21.1) | 20,134 (20.4) | <0.001 |
2 | 20,350 (20.5) | 19,907 (20.2) | |
3 | 18,673 (18.8) | 18,649 (18.9) | |
4 | 19,586 (19.7) | 19,565 (19.8) | |
5 (least deprived) | 19,830 (19.9) | 20,411 (20.7) | |
Ethnic group | |||
White | 88,857 (89.4) | 91,546 (92.8) | <0.001 |
South Asian | 1478 (1.49) | 1504 (1.52) | |
Black | 607 (0.61) | 543 (0.55) | |
Other | 2010 (2.02) | 1733 (1.76) | |
Missing | 6478 (6.52) | 3340 (3.39) | |
Number of pre-existing health conditions | |||
0 | 67,491 (67.9) | 69,090 (70.0) | <0.001 |
1 | 13,822 (13.9) | 13,953 (14.1) | |
2-3 | 14,106 (14.2) | 12,673 (12.8) | |
≥4 | 4011 (4.03) | 2950 (2.99) | |
Pre-existing health conditions | |||
Arthritis | 6942 (6.98) | 6143 (6.23) | <0.001 |
Asthma/bronchitis/COPD | 22,991 (23.1) | 21,691 (22.0) | <0.001 |
Cancer | 2057 (2.07) | 1404 (1.42) | <0.001 |
CHD | 4044 (4.07) | 3224 (3.27) | <0.001 |
Cystic fibrosis | 38 (0.04) | 31 (0.03) | 0.417 |
Deep vein thrombosis | 401 (0.40) | 298 (0.30) | <0.001 |
Depression/anxiety | 44,826 (45.1) | 42,244 (42.8) | <0.001 |
Diabetes | 5252 (5.28) | 4799 (4.86) | <0.001 |
High blood pressure | 9686 (9.74) | 9.114 (9.24) | <0.001 |
HIV | 123 (0.12) | 114 (0.12) | 0.599 |
Home oxygen | 65 (0.07) | 56 (0.06) | 0.438 |
Kidney disease | 768 (0.77) | 673 (0.68) | 0.018 |
Liver disease | 517 (0.52) | 338 (0.34) | <0.001 |
Neurological condition | 2499 (2.51) | 1915 (1.94) | <0.001 |
Overweight | 8914 (8.97) | 8149 (8.26) | <0.001 |
Obese | 3278 (3.30) | 2688 (2.72) | <0.001 |
Pulmonary embolism | 366 (0.37) | 274 (0.28) | <0.001 |
Pulmonary fibrosis | 118 (0.12) | 78 (0.08) | 0.005 |
Stroke | 971 (0.98) | 713 (0.72) | <0.001 |
Vaccinated | |||
No | 64,022 (64.4) | 43,253 (43.8) | <0.001 |
1 dose | 5804 (5.84) | 6375 (6.46) | |
2 doses | 22,088 (22.2) | 27,974 (28.4) | |
≥3 doses | 7516 (7.56) | 21,064 (21.4) | |
Variant period | |||
Pre VOC | 26,758 (26.9) | 16,309 (16.5) | <0.001 |
No dominant (1) | 28,387 (28.6) | 15,786 (16.0) | |
Alpha | 7269 (7.31) | 3796 (3.85) | |
No dominant (2) | 3245 (3.26) | 2236 (2.27) | |
Delta | 24,210 (24.4) | 29,061 (29.5) | |
No dominant (3) | 3709 (3.73) | 9824 (9.96) | |
Omicron | 5852 (5.89) | 21,654 (22.0) | |
