Fig. 1: Obesity induces a dynamic increase of grancalcin + (GCA + ) immune cells in the bone marrow.

a Western Blot of grancalcin (GCA) protein level in the bone marrow of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced mice (n = 4) (top, representative pictures of Western blot; bottom, quantitative measurements of GCA proteins). b Immunofluorescent staining of GCA (green) and Ly6g(red) in the bone section of normal chow diet (NCD) or HFD-induced mice (n = 4) (left, representative pictures of Immunofluorescent staining; right, quantitative measurements of Ly6g and GCA proteins). The nucleuses were stained with DAPI. Scale bar, 200 µm. c Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) of serum GCA concentrations in male C57BL/6 mice fed NCD or HFD for 1, 2, 4, 8, or 12 weeks (n = 6). d Violin plots of log-transformed gene expression of Gca genes in cell populations of NCD mice and HFD mice. e Violin plots of log-transformed gene expression of Gca in different clusters of bone marrow neutrophils from NCD mice and HFD mice. (f) The heatmap of 20 most upregulated genes in clusters 1, 2, and 3 defined in (e). g Serum GCA concentrations in individuals with (n = 38) or without (n = 12) obesity. The characteristics of the study population are provided in the Table S1. h–k Correlation analysis between GCA and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), serum interleukin 6 (IL6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2) in human participants (n = 50). Data are presented as means ± SEM. n indicates the number of biologically independent samples examined. Statistical analysis was assessed by two-sided Student’s t test (a, b, g), One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test (c) or two-sided Spearman’s correlation (h–k) and significant differences were indicated with p values. Source data are provided as a Source Data File.