Fig. 5: scRNA and scATAC analyses depict both exocrine and endocrine dietary differences between the big brown bat (BB) and Jamaican fruit (JF) bat pancreases.

A (Left) Representative images of INS immunofluorescence (red) in bat pancreases. Nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue). (Right) Quantification of INS immunofluorescence normalized to nuclei in bat pancreases. Results represent arbitrary units of fluorescence (AU) mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) derived from 3 insectivorous and 3 frugivorous bats (n = 3/phenotype, n = 10 images/individual [see Methods]). Mixed effects model (two-sided) *p-value = .002. B (Left) Representative images of GCG immunofluorescence (red) in bat pancreases. Nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue). (Right) Quantification of GCG immunofluorescence normalized to nuclei in bat pancreases. Results represent arbitrary units of fluorescence (AU) mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) derived from 3 insectivorous big brown bats and 3 Jamaican fruit bats (n = 3/phenotype, n = 10 images/individual [see Methods]). Mixed effects model (two-sided) *p-value = .008. C Violin plots of diabetes-associated genes in bat endocrine cells. P-values calculated with two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the Bonferroni correction. D (Left) Heatmap of TF motifs enriched in bat pancreatic endocrine cells. (Right) Heatmap of TF motifs enriched in bat pancreatic exocrine cells. P-values calculated with one-sided Fisher’s exact test and corrected with Bonferroni correction E scATAC-seq coverage plots of INS in bat pancreases with predicted TFBS highlighted in gray. Aligned sequence zoom-in on NR2C2 motif with differing nucleotides depicted in bold. F scATAC-seq coverage plots of GCG in bat pancreases with predicted TFBS highlighted in gray. Aligned sequence zoom-in on RREB1 motif with differing nucleotides depicted in bold. Jamaican fruit bat is depicted as JF and big brown bat as BB in the various panels. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.