Fig. 5: Schematic illustration of generality of the SPEA approach in constructing mMOs with diverse structures and compositions.

The matched element groups at the left bottom show the combination of elements covered in this study and unmatched groups show other possible combinations. a–f Schematic structures and corresponding SEM images of mMOs with spherical (a), cylindrical (b), lamellar (c) pore structures and heteroatom-doped (d), composite (e), noble metal loaded (f) compositions, respectively.