Fig. 3: Cdo1-regulated AMPK signaling is involved in exercise-mediated alleviation of fatty liver in mice.

a Heatmaps representing the upregulated and downregulated genes (Cdo1^LKO vs WT) in the livers of HFD (High-fat diet)-fed mice without exercise which was obtained from the RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data (n = 3 mice per group, p < 0.05). b Gene ontology (GO) pathway analysis based on the RNA-seq data as described in a (p < 0.05). c–g Mice were treated as described in Fig. 2d. c The mRNA levels of the indicated genes were determined in mice livers (n = 6 mice per group). d The mitochondrial DNA (mitoDNA) levels in mice livers (n = 6 mice per group). e Transmission electron microscopic analysis (HITACHI HT7800) of mice livers. Scale bar: 2μm. Arrowheads indicate the mitochondria. Experiments were performed 3 times and similar results were obtained. f Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of downregulated genes based on RNA-seq data in a (p < 0.05). “Count” means the number of genes that are in the corresponding KEGG pathway. g The mice liver lysates were analyzed by western blotting (n = 3 mice per group). Two-sided Wald tests without adjustment were performed in a, b and f. Two-way analysis of variance plus Tukey’s post hoc tests were performed in c and d. All data show the means ± SD. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.