Fig. 5: Mast cells under RA microenvironment showed altered phenotypes.

a Representative immunofluorescence images of synovial tissues from RA patients. Left: Red, tryptase; Green, CD3; Blue, DAPI; Scale bar: 75 μm. Right: Yellow, tryptase; Green, CD3; Red, CD20; Blue, DAPI; Scale bar: 100 μm. The area in the white box is enlarged as an inset. Data are representative of 10 biologically independent samples. b t-SNE plots of synovial mast cells from four RA patients. c Frequencies of MHCII⁺, CD40⁺, CD80⁺, and OX40L⁺ mast cells between OA and RA patients (n = 6 biologically independent samples for each group, P = 0.0022 for MHCII, P = 0.0087 for CD40). d Chemokine and cytokine gene expression of LAD2 cells stimulated with 20%RASF for different time intervals were analyzed by qPCR (n = 4 biologically independent samples for each group, **P = 0.007 and *P = 0.0225 for CCL2, P = 0.0225 for CCL3, **P = 0.0025 and *P = 0.0347 for CCL4, P = 0.0011 for CXCL8, P = 0.02 for IL6, **P = 0.0054 and *P = 0.0311 for TNF). Data are presented as the mean ± SEM and analyzed using two-tailed Mann Whitney test (c), and Kruskal-Wallis test (d). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.