Fig. 1: Fabrication and characterization of the VMT nanosheets and VMT membrane.

a Schematic illustration of the preparation of the large-scale VMT nanosheets. b AFM image and height profile of the nanosheets corresponding to the AFM image. Scale bar, 2 μm. c Optical microscopy image of the large-scale VMT nanosheets. Scale bar, 20 μm. d SEM image of the cross-sectional morphology of the VMT membrane. Scale bar, 3 μm. e Stress−strain curve of VMT membrane. f AFM image of the VMT membrane and height profile of the VMT membrane corresponding to the AFM image. Scale bar, 1 μm. g Optical image of a VMT membrane.