Fig. 2: The ionic transmembrane properties of the VMT-based membrane. | Nature Communications

Fig. 2: The ionic transmembrane properties of the VMT-based membrane.

From: Unlocking osmotic energy harvesting potential in challenging real-world hypersaline environments through vermiculite-based hetero-nanochannels

Fig. 2

a Zeta potential of VMT nanosheet colloidal suspension at different pH. b Representative I–V curves of the VMT membrane. c Conductivity of VMT membrane as a function of salt concentration. d Classical molecular dynamics simulation snapshot that showed the distribution of ions. e The ratio of cation (η) in nanochannel. f I−T curves of VMT membrane in 0.1 M KCl at pH 7 with an external bias alternating between +1 and −1 V. g I–V curves of the VMT-PVDF membrane measured in electrolyte solutions with different concentrations. The applied transmembrane voltage was between −0.5 V and +0.5 V. h Ionic rectification ratio under different concentrations calculated from the I–V curves. i Theoretical calculation of ionic concentration distribution in nanochannel at −1 V and +1 V. Error bars indicated the standard deviations from three different samples.

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