Fig. 1: East Asian precipitation (107–130°E, 20–43°N) in July and August over the period 1995–2019.
From: A stratospheric precursor of East Asian summer droughts and floods
a Spatial distribution of climatological precipitation (unit: mm month−1). b The leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF1) pattern for precipitation. c As in (b) but for Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). d Weight-averaged anomalies over R1 (108-123°E, 20–29°N, orange) and R2 (108-128°E, 30-41°N, red), the dipole mode index (DMI = R1–R2, deep blue), standardized EOF1 time series (PC1, black), and the QBO index anomalies (light blue). e Maximum entropy spectrum for the DMI and DMI of SPI (DMI-SPI). Black dots in (a) indicate station locations. Solid and dashed lines in d show the precipitation and SPI, respectively. Dashed straight lines in (e) are the white noise test at the 95% confidence level.
