Fig. 10: Hypothetical model of the mechanism underlying VirB-dependent gene regulation.

a Before VirB associates with the virulence plasmid, the nucleoid-organizing protein H-NS binds and thus stabilizes negative DNA supercoils in the promoter regions of VirB-regulated genes, thereby sequestering the promoters from RNA polymerase and silencing gene expression. b The CTP-dependent loading of VirB clamps at virS sites and their spreading into the adjacent promoter regions leads to local overwinding of the DNA. This effect may destabilize the adjacent H-NS nucleoprotein complexes and reduce the degree of negative supercoiling in the vicinity of the promoter, thereby making it accessible to RNA polymerase and allowing transcription to occur.