Fig. 1: Simplified scheme of SDHA maturation.

SDHA maturation requires FAD, dicarboxylate, SDHAF2, and SDHAF4. Each of these molecules makes binary interactions with SDHA, but the exact sequence of these binary interactions is not known. SDHA must have covalent FAD attached before it assembles into CII if the final protein complex is to be fully functional26,74,75.