Fig. 3: HIV infection impacts fecal microbiota composition differently in MSM and non-MSM populations.
From: HIV-associated gut microbial alterations are dependent on host and geographic context
a PCoA ordination plots using unweighted UniFrac distances at the ASV (amplicon sequence variant) level comparing both ART (antiretroviral)-treated and -untreated HIV infection to the corresponding HIV-uninfected controls for MSM (men who have sex with men) and non-MSM individuals in the U.S. For the ordination plots, R2 and p values were obtained from a PERMANOVA analysis accounting for HIV infection status. HIV-uninfected vs ART-treated HIV infection: F(df = 1) = 1.06, p = 0.26, R2 = 1% non-MSM (n = 104 biologically independent samples) vs F(df = 1) = 4.66, p = 0.0009, R2 = 6% MSM (n = 74 biologically independent samples). HIV-uninfected vs untreated HIV infection: (F(df = 1) = 1.08, p = 0.25, R2 = 1.1% non-MSM (n = 96 biologically independent samples) vs F(df = 1) = 3.77, p = 0.0009, R2 = 4.8% MSM (n = 76 biologically independent samples). b Boxplots showing the values for the observed richness and Shannon diversity metrics for the three HIV groups in MSM (n = 236 biologically independent samples) and non-MSM (n = 230 biologically independent samples) individuals (***p value ≤ 0.01). Boxplots are displayed with the median as the center value with the box as IQR and whiskers as minima and maxima. Observed (MSM): Kruskal–Wallis with Bonferroni correction χ2(df = 2) = 24.2, p < 0.001; pairwise comparisons: HIV-uninfected vs ART-treated Z > 4 (p < 0.0001), HIV-uninfected vs untreated HIV infection Z > 4 (p < 0.0001), ART-treated vs untreated HIV infection Z = 0.01 (p = 0.99). Shannon (MSM): Kruskal–Wallis with Bonferroni correction χ2(df = 2) = 17.7, p < 0.001; pairwise comparisons: HIV-uninfected vs ART-treated Z > 4 (p < 0.0001), HIV-uninfected vs untreated HIV infection Z = 2.35 (p = 0.019), ART-treated vs untreated HIV infection Z = 1.37 (p = 0.17). c Results from an ANCOM analysis testing for differences of both ART-treated and -untreated HIV infection compared to the HIV-uninfected controls in the MSM group in the U.S. Only ASVs present in at least 5% of the samples in each HIV infection group were considered. The Log2FC values are represented on the x-axis for all those single ASVs with significantly more or less abundance in each of the tested groups. Color code represents taxonomic classification at the species level and ASVs are identified up to most resolutive taxonomic level.
