Fig. 1: Schematic of the working principle of our diode-based broadband miniaturized spectrometers.

a In the learning step, the diode is excited with multiple known monochromatic inputs (Left panel). The bias-dependent (V_ds) spectral responses (Middle panel) are encoded into responsivity matrix elements (Right panel). b In the testing process, the electrical response (Right panel) of the incident light with unknown spectral information is recorded (Left panel). c Spectral information of unknown incident light is then reconstructed using results obtained in the learning and testing steps with computational algorithms.