Fig. 5: Influence of the kind of Pluronic-type surfactant on optical transparency and mechanical properties.

The stating compositions are optimized to prepare highly transparent PMSQ aerogels. a Appearance of the PMSQ aerogels prepared with the different surfactants: P94 (left), F68 (center), and L64 (right). b Spectra of the total transmittance of the PMSQ aerogel samples. The thickness of the samples is 5.0 mm. c Stress–strain curves obtained from three-point bending of the PMSQ aerogel samples with 60 mm span. d Bulk density (ρb), light transmittance at 550 nm through 10-mm equivalent specimen (T550), skeletal ratio calculated by using the means with a 95% confidence interval of [skeleton length] and [skeleton thickness] from FE-SEM images (the error shows the estimated maximum error), mean pore size with a 95% confidence interval calculated from FE-SEM images, and maximum strain at failure of the three-point bending (εmax,60) at 60 mm span of the PMSQ aerogel samples.