Fig. 3: Exploded view of the batch and flow membrane reactors used in this study.

A The batch reactor contains an electrochemical compartment (consisting of an anode chamber and a cathode chamber) and a hydrogenation compartment. The hydrogenation compartment was supplied with N2(g) delivered at 10 mL min−1. B The flow reactor contains an electrochemical compartment (consisting of an anode compartment, a cathode compartment, and a compression plate) and a hydrogenation compartment (consisting of a flow field plate). The flow field plate was supplied with hydrogenation solution delivered at 60 mL min−1. For both reactor architectures, the electrochemical and hydrogenation compartments are separated by a Pd membrane covered with an electrodeposited Pd catalyst facing the hydrogenation compartment. Inset: photographs of the batch (top) and flow (bottom) reactors.