Fig. 3: Radiation response of proton-irradiated NIP PSCs.

A J-V curves of representative NIP solar cells prior to irradiation (gray), after irradiation with the NIEL-dominated single dose of 0.06 MeV protons (cyan), and after being healed with dual dose radiation (blue, black). Remaining factors for (B) JSC, (C) VOC, (D) FF, and (E) PCE for irradiated NIP PSCs for various IEL x scenarios. The single dose control device is denoted by the IEL x = 1.0 case. Black arrow indicates IEL-induced healing and subsequent increase in PCE for the IEL x = 3.6 case. All parameters are averages over 4–5 devices and error bars represent standard deviation. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.