Fig. 4: Radiation-induced defect creation and healing.

A Trap density of states (tDOS) of the PSCs obtained using TAS prior to irradiation (black), after irradiation with the NIEL-dominated single dose of 0.06 MeV protons (cyan), and after being healed with dual dose radiation (blue) with IEL x = 3.6. B SRIM simulations showing elemental vacancy profiles within the perovskite active layer for 0.06 MeV protons. H (red) and I (gray) are the most displaced elements. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.